This is an introductory CD
on Programmable logic Controllers
& will make u familiar
by the term PLC,
how does it look,
different kinds of PLC,
& how to program PLC's ,
so that the user can have the desired output.
Category:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtY_paPhPyI&feature=related
Thursday, December 16, 2010
Wednesday, December 15, 2010
EEPROM chips BIOS code
EEPROM
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
An EEPROM is like an EPROM chip
since it can be written in or programmed more than once.
Unlike the EPROM chip,
however,
an EEPROM chip need not
be taken out of the computer
or electronic device of which
it is part
when a new program
or data needs to be written on it.
Selective programming
can be done
to an EEPROM chip.
The user can alter
the value of certain cells
without needing to erase the programming
on other cells.
Thus, sections of data
can be erased
and
replaced
without needing to alter
the rest of the chip's programming.
Data stored in an EEPROM chip
is permanent,
at least
until the user decides to erase
and replace the information
it contains.
Furthermore,
the data stored
in an EEPROM chip
is not lost
even when power is turned off.
History of the EEPROM
The EEPROM
is
a modification of the EPROM
and
was designed by George Perlegos .
Its development
began
in 1978
while Perlegos was still
employed by Intel.
However
the archetypal EEPROM
still
had to be taken out of the computer
or
electronic device of which
it was part
if any reprogramming was necessary.
When Perlegos left Intel
to form Seeq Technology,
he designed the first fully functional EEPROM.
To eliminate
the necessity of external programming,
Perlegos and
company made the insulating layer thinner
and
integrated an oscillator
and
capacitor circuit
into the memory chip itself.
This charge pump
can produce the necessary programming voltage.
Since it is fully integrated in every EEPROM chip,
there is no need to
take out
the EEPROM chip
for erasing and programming.
To configure an EEPROM chip,
an electric field produced by the charge pump
is applied locally to cells
marked for modification.
EEPROM Structure
The EEPROM chip is physically similar to the EPROM chip.
It is also composed of cells
with two transistors.
The floating gate is separated from the control gate
by a thin oxide layer.
Unlike the EPROM chip, however, the EEPROM chip's oxide layer
is much thinner.
In EEPROM chips,
the insulating layer
is only around 1 nanometre thick whereas in EPROM chips,
the oxide layer is around 3 nanometres thick.
The thinner oxide layer means lower voltage requirements
for initiating changes
in cell value.
Tunneling the electrons of the floating gate towards the oxide layer separating
the floating gate
and the control gate
is
still the method of changing a bit's value from 1 to 0.
To erase EEPROM programming,
the electron barrier
still has to be overcome by the application of enough programming voltage.
EEPROM Limitations
While the EEPROM can be reprogrammed,
the number of times
it can be altered is limited.
This is the main reason
why EEPROM chips are popular
for storing only configuration data such as the computer's BIOS code which doesn't require frequent reprogramming.
The oxide insulating layer can be damaged by frequent rewrite. Modern-day EEPROMs can be rewritten up to a million times.
Thursday, December 09, 2010
Ship Price Scandal
Ship Price Scandal - We Break the Big Story
04 October 2002
Yes, folks you read it first here. The European Commission (EC) has accused the world's two biggest ship brokers of not knowing the price of a ship. If this sounds too unbelievable to be true, just read on.
Are You Sure EU뭨e Right?
The accusation is made in an official EC paper entitled 밫he Situation in World Shipbuilding? It comments "The Commission's detailed price investigations.showed that in almost all cases the prices reported by Clarkson for a comparable ship were higher than the ones found through direct investigations. Clarkson re-ports the price for a standard Suez-max tanker of 150,000 Dwt as $46.5 m. USD (end 2001) and Fearnleys indicates a price of $48 m. USD, whilst the Commission's market monitoring observed several orders at a price of $43 m. i.e. 7-10% lower than reported by those companies" (Wow!). Hard hitting accusations, but is the Commission right?
It뭩 All in the Timing
In SIW we report the cash price of a European spec ship with 10/10/10/70 stage payments at a competitive yard. Where possible the prices are based on current negotiations, or if the mar-ket is quiet the brokers estimate the price at which a ship could be con-tracted.
So how accurate are these estimates? The graph compares the Clarkson price index for a Suezmax tanker (the solid line) with actual contract prices (the black squares) from the CRS database. Although the record is not comprehensive, the pattern is clear enough. Typically contract prices lag behind the index (the dotted line shows the index lagged two months) because it takes time to tie up a contract. So when prices are on the move there is plenty of room for confusion because reported contract prices are bound to differ from those currently on offer by the yards.
You Need Contract Contact, Cap뭤
Viewed this way, it is easier to understand the EC뭩 problem with price statistics. After Sept 11th sentiment slumped and the shipbuilding market was in meltdown. Many negotiations went on hold, making it difficult to estimate prices. However there were a few Suezmax contracts ?one for $50 m. in January 2002 and another for $44 m. in April 2002. Allowing for a time lag these support the Clarkson view of $46.5 m. in Dec 2001. In March a major Greek owner was negotiating a Suezmax at $45.5 m., a price he would certainly not have considered if, as the EC main-tains, the price was $43 m. three months earlier!
Commission a Bargain?
So there you have it. Prices have been moving rapidly over the last three years, and investors need to keep on their toes. So if you are a shipowner, and you can't decide whether to contract your next Suezmax through a ship broker or the European Commis-sion, our advice is this. Call up the EC and claim your 7-10% discount against the Clarkson Price Index. We make that about $39 m., which is a real bargain! Have a nice day.
http://www.clarksons.net/markets/feature_display.asp?news_id=19694§ion=&title=Ship+Price+Scandal+-+We+Break+the+Big+Story
04 October 2002
Yes, folks you read it first here. The European Commission (EC) has accused the world's two biggest ship brokers of not knowing the price of a ship. If this sounds too unbelievable to be true, just read on.
Are You Sure EU뭨e Right?
The accusation is made in an official EC paper entitled 밫he Situation in World Shipbuilding? It comments "The Commission's detailed price investigations.showed that in almost all cases the prices reported by Clarkson for a comparable ship were higher than the ones found through direct investigations. Clarkson re-ports the price for a standard Suez-max tanker of 150,000 Dwt as $46.5 m. USD (end 2001) and Fearnleys indicates a price of $48 m. USD, whilst the Commission's market monitoring observed several orders at a price of $43 m. i.e. 7-10% lower than reported by those companies" (Wow!). Hard hitting accusations, but is the Commission right?
It뭩 All in the Timing
In SIW we report the cash price of a European spec ship with 10/10/10/70 stage payments at a competitive yard. Where possible the prices are based on current negotiations, or if the mar-ket is quiet the brokers estimate the price at which a ship could be con-tracted.
So how accurate are these estimates? The graph compares the Clarkson price index for a Suezmax tanker (the solid line) with actual contract prices (the black squares) from the CRS database. Although the record is not comprehensive, the pattern is clear enough. Typically contract prices lag behind the index (the dotted line shows the index lagged two months) because it takes time to tie up a contract. So when prices are on the move there is plenty of room for confusion because reported contract prices are bound to differ from those currently on offer by the yards.
You Need Contract Contact, Cap뭤
Viewed this way, it is easier to understand the EC뭩 problem with price statistics. After Sept 11th sentiment slumped and the shipbuilding market was in meltdown. Many negotiations went on hold, making it difficult to estimate prices. However there were a few Suezmax contracts ?one for $50 m. in January 2002 and another for $44 m. in April 2002. Allowing for a time lag these support the Clarkson view of $46.5 m. in Dec 2001. In March a major Greek owner was negotiating a Suezmax at $45.5 m., a price he would certainly not have considered if, as the EC main-tains, the price was $43 m. three months earlier!
Commission a Bargain?
So there you have it. Prices have been moving rapidly over the last three years, and investors need to keep on their toes. So if you are a shipowner, and you can't decide whether to contract your next Suezmax through a ship broker or the European Commis-sion, our advice is this. Call up the EC and claim your 7-10% discount against the Clarkson Price Index. We make that about $39 m., which is a real bargain! Have a nice day.
http://www.clarksons.net/markets/feature_display.asp?news_id=19694§ion=&title=Ship+Price+Scandal+-+We+Break+the+Big+Story
Wednesday, December 01, 2010
IPL, Information Processing Letters
Information Processing Letters (IPL)
IPL, Information Processing Letters (Journal)
IPL, Information Processing Letters (Journal)
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Posts (Atom)
Can this be used for chip reballing?
okey dokey
i dig the production values on all your videos :)
Can this be used on EPROMS that are soldered through holes in a board?
Is there a way to do this
while preserving the pins of the removed IC?
I'm trying to salvage an old graphics chip from a laptop motherboard,
and want to reuse it in another project.
@clone4crwproductions This is exactly what this product excels at.
One technique is to hold the still-hot IC with tweezers and tap the tweezers on a table to shake off the remaining solder. This works because the chipquik keeps it molten so long. You can also use a bit of solder wick to get any remaining solder.
@clone4crwproductions
Too bad in my third world country do not sell these cool things.
@kjcngiopfadgiopzdfng We ship internationally for very affordable rates. CuriousInventor / store
holy crap, I have to have that
I guess the alloy is Rose's metal.
Wood's metal would have a lower melting point, but contains cadmium.
Wow and WOW!
I'M SO GLAD I CAME ACROSS THIS!!
Thank you.
wow...that´s great because i know how to delete the chip..
I used to use the same method with regular solder. You have to be quick, and careful not to damage the IC. It's also tedious to remove the solder from the IC itself later.
Thank You for showing us the technique.....I think I'll try it....:)
sei un genio complimenti.....
This product has many of the properties of Gallium, And the price also reflects, They seem to guard the ingredients closely, Does any one have a MSDS for ChipQuik? I use it at work for removing 80 pin heeaders and through hole CPU sockets. It Saves us the Cost of a new PC board!
mercury makes the tin very weak, if you wet pins with it, it go slimsy as a cake, then youll can clean pcb and ic with dry brush, but mercury is toxic too :-(
The main component that produces a low melting point is bismuth, actually. A lead-free version is available.
probably contains ALOT of lead
blow the air away :P
THANKS!